From your perspective and your experience, what do you think your Article

From your point of view and your experience, what do you figure your way of life can offer an American How would you be able to add to the improvement of a culturally diverse viewpoint - Article Example The thirst of learning and the regard of educators can be the most rousing element for an American. The prolonged plumes of social qualities installed in the Middle Eastern culture can never leave any American immaculate. The arrangement of childhood a youngster with virtues, mix of common, official and national dialects and in the light emission can be another enamoring sight for any American. From a children's song to national tunes, from old style to pop, Middle Eastern music is advanced with tunes and rhythms an American probably won't have envisioned. One of the most various encounters for any American can be found in writing, workmanship and dramatization is the idea of adoration which shows the genuine eastern estimations of soul. This will be consistent with state that Middle Eastern culture can give an American the key to carry on with a sound and glad life. With regards to my capability to serve for the improvement of cross culture, I will in general follow similar strides of my social and recorded qualities: instructing and learning. I can make mindfulness about the productivity of social trade programs by composing and talking. I can offer administrations to the outsiders visiting my nation of root by giving them profound and significant insider facts of my territory. On the off chance that I get any opportunity to visit outside nation either on trade program or not, I will show my own traditions and custom in dressing, occasions and festivity to help the individuals of that nation comprehend my way of life. Thusly I would contribute in the improvement of diverse exercises. Rather than this, for the commitment being developed of diverse point of view, I would likewise be curious, acknowledging and retaining the qualities, customs and convention of the other land. I might want to know the authentic and social vault and the qualities wh ereupon that country is standing. It will be an incredible encounter to investigate the workmanship, writing and film of that nation and know the feeling of

Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders Research Paper

Moral estimations of value-based and transformational pioneers - Research Paper Example For initiative to happen there should be some pioneer adherent relationshipâ ­ without supporters, there is no pioneer (Hay and Hodgkinson, 2006). In spite of the fact that a pioneer may be picked as a feature of a proper framework, an individual can be a pioneer without authentic approval. The genuine pioneer of a gathering probably won't be the appointed supervisor, and in actuality, the jobs of pioneer and devotee might be ever-changing, as necessities and conditions change (Burns, 1978, 2003). Pioneers are a methods toward change (Bass, 1981). Consumes (1978, 2003) calls attention to that the essential, main thrust for initiative is change, and pioneers/supporters have a powerful interdependency. They succeed or fizzle, in view of how well they work through change. As indicated by Bolman and Terrence (2003), in spite of the fact that pioneers may share some basic characteristics (i.e., vision), a main consideration in making pioneers is the circumstance or condition wherein they lead and additionally create. Kouzes and Posner (1995) express that activity assignments, connections/contacts with others, just as formal preparing and instruction can help create authority. Trustworthiness and Moral Leadership Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary characterizes uprightness as firm adherence to a code of particularly good or aesthetic qualities; a healthy condition; the quality or condition total or unified. But respectability is more confused than these basic definitions. People of uprightness must be sufficiently autonomous to pick uninhibitedly the qualities by which they will manage their lives. They should have a mindfulness and comprehension of both their qualities and shortcomings and the ability to assess themselves in a practical manner without self-misdirection (Spencer, 1996). Honesty might be viewed as identified with the wants with which we recognize so as to act viably in our lives. This recognizable proof means our capacity to concentrate on purpo ses behind doing certain activities other than our straightforward want to do as such. We accordingly have values applicable to our conduct and not simply wants. We can be said to esteem something gave the distinguishing pieces of proof are adequately predictable and inferred through functional thinking and an awareness of other's expectations to act as per them. Trustworthiness is shown through selfâ ­ mindfulness and discretion in recognizing these qualities (Taylor, 1985). As indicated by Ciulla (1995), in characterizing great pioneers, thought must be given of their morals, just as their adequacy. It is a pioneer's character that truly matters (Bass and Steidlmeier, 1999). Authority quality can't be considered without assessing character, and guiding principle are more basic than all else (e.g., aptitude, procedures, information) (Sankar 2003). Moral education is as significant as PC proficiency to a pioneer's adequacy (Sankar, 2003, p. 52). Moral initiative in an association c an be intensely impacted by its senior authority. Hood (2003) found that, so as to comprehend an association's moral practices, it is noteworthy to comprehend the ethical direction of its CEO. Indeed, even the most moral bosses will experience issues if their own upper administration is unscrupulous. For there to be a moral association, alongside top administration support, there should be a corporate-wide morals strategy, and, above all, there is a requirement for singular pioneers who practice moral conduct (i.e., uprightness, genuineness, dependability) (Carlson and Perrewe, 1995).

Philip Morris USA v. Williams. Brief facts Case Study

Philip Morris USA v. Williams. Brief realities - Case Study Example At beginning preliminary the jury granted her $821,485.50 as compensatory harms and $79.5 million as correctional harms for the situation. Be that as it may, the preliminary court on an intrigue decreased the sums to $521,485.50 and $32 million separately. On a converse intrigue the Oregon Court of Appeals turned around the preliminary courts choice and maintained the previous sum granted by the jury as pay. The Supreme Court of United States allowed certiorari for the situation, cleared the Court of Appeals judgment and sent back the case to a similar court of enticement to rethink the measure of correctional harms granted for the situation. Specifically Supreme Court alluding to the fair treatment statement of the fourteenth amendment declined to allow reformatory harms to people who were not part of suit. In a third intrigue under the watchful eye of the Supreme Court by Philips Morris the court remanded the case back for re-preliminary. The fundamental issues under the steady gaze of the jury, preliminary court, court of offer and the preeminent court were fluctuated. The Court needed to conclude that if compensatory and correctional harms are made out for the situation and in the event that they are viable and to be granted, at that point to what degree. Ans. The fundamental locale in this lied till the Court of Appeal in the province of Oregon. ... Ans. The case had been in the case procedure for a long time. 3. What is ward according to this case Ans. The fundamental ward in this lied till the Court of Appeal in the territory of Oregon. The expired and the offended party had a place with that state. After that on further intrigue and survey petitions the case was attempted by the Supreme Court of United States. 4. What is the connection between the court framework, suit procedure, and locale Ans. There is a triple connection between the court framework, case procedure and purview. On the off chance that we take the case of the current case, at that point we see that the perished and the Plaintiff(his spouse) lived in the State of Oregon, so the purview of the region court lied in there case. Locale is of three kinds. Individual, Territorial and Subject issue. For this situation the regional purview was made out. The Court framework is isolated by the ward of a State. First it's the preliminary Court of the State, at that point the Court of Appeal and further it can likewise be Supreme Court. The case procedure is supposed to be begun from the preliminary Court and can go up to Supreme Court till a ultimate choice has not been shown up at. References www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/03/AR2008120303377.html

Segment Analysis of The Dark Knight Rises Essay

Section Analysis of The Dark Knight Rises - Essay Example The head of the police Gordon is a man of inner voice and resolved to battle against the wrongdoing and is eager to take exercises from its past mix-ups. The character of Batman was in shadows and didn't show up till the pace of violations in the city again beginning to expand. The Cat lady attempts to dispose of her criminal vocation with the assistance of soldier of fortune named Bane, who requests that her hand over Batman consequently. Wayne Enterprises had been into loses since Bruce had pulled back the combination reactor for it could be utilized for weaponisation. Batman was caught by Bane with the assistance of Kyle the Cat lady and was detained. While Bane take the entire city under attack by changing over the combination from reactor into a nuclear bomb, and let his pack part to plunder the city. Batman following quite a while of preparing effectively got away from the prison and asked Klye Fox (the man who runs Wayne Enterprises), Blake (a capable youthful investigator), G ordon and Lady Tate (individual from Wayne Enterprises official board) for their assistance so as to take the bomb once again from Bane. Police power begin to assume control over the city from Bane’s pack, while Batman attempted to kill the weapon, it is here when Tate wounds him with a blade her actual character Talia al-Ghul, Ra’s al-Ghul’s youngster who was assisted with getting away from the jail so as to finish her father’s mission to wreck the Gotham city. While Tate was searching for the bomb, Bane was murdered by Kyle. Batman hurried to get the bomb out of the hands of Tate, who before passing on demolishes the reactor so Batman couldn't settle the bomb by putting it again in the reactor. Batman took the bomb to sound where it explodes, at long last the city grieved over the shocking demise of its superhuman, yet Fox finds that Bruce had fixed the auto pilot and Gordon too finds the bat signal, later Alfred (protective figure for Batman), discover s Batman with Kyle in Florence. The youthful Officer Blake leaves the police power and assume responsibility for the Bat-cavern (Anthony, 2012). Division Analysis: 1) Rate of wrongdoing in Gotham City: Since the most recent eight years the pace of wrongdoing had been constrained by the police boss and killed different components of wrongdoing sustained by the old boss. James Gordon a decent and sharpens officials feels himself liable for concealing the wrongdoings of the old boss this portion of the film happens as: Uzbek military volunteer army advancing toward the landing strip with Dr. Pavel an atomic researcher in a van conveying three hooded detainees, some special forces commandos and a CIA operator were purchased by the researcher. The CIA operator executed two of the detainees while questioning for Bane, the hired soldier and when he goes to the third detainee it was uncovered that it is Bane, a C-130 rises and his minute man assumes control over the worker stream and killed everybody aside from the specialist and explodes the plane. 2) Hervey Dent’s Farewell: Goth city police division accumulates to grieve over the passing of their ex police boss, while Gordon plans to uncover the violations of the last boss for which batman was considered responsible, however didn't as his agent commends his push to decrease the wrongdoing, the chairman of the city intends to expel him in the spring. The occasion was facilitated by Bruce (Batman) who was not there and Lady Tate needs to meet him for the reasons obscure to John Daggett (a specialist). 3) Revelation of genuine personality of Salina Kyle: Salina Kyle the feline lady masked as a servant in the Wayne Manor, effectively open the uncrackable safe of Bruce and took out his mother’s neckband and to clear something up begin taking a gander at Bruce’s pictures. Simultaneously Bruce shows up and attempts to get her however she showed away to taking a lift in the congressman’

Infection Prevention and Control

Question: Talk about the Infection Prevention and Control. Answer: Presentation The report shows a diagram with respect to the Health and Disability Service Infection Control Standard (HDSS) (2008) according to its usage of a disease control program system. The jobs and duties of a contamination control preventionist at the neighborhood area wellbeing board (DHB) offering care in a 500 beds medical clinic setting to devise a fitting disease control convention has likewise been talked about. The portrayal, prerequisites and significance of the Standard 3.1 of the HDSS (2008) in the medical clinic situation has been explicitly referenced also. Aside from these, two models concerning assessment of disease control program has likewise been basically talked about in this report. Wellbeing Disability Service Infection Control Standard (2008) The Health and incapacity Services (Infection Prevention and Control) Standards set forward by the New Zealand Ministry of Health proposes the disease control the board as a component of the Standard 3.1 that incorporate a lot of frameworks and structures to be trailed by the concerned association to guarantee quality social insurance office with enough extents of progress inside the given emergency clinic system (www.health.govt.nz, 2016). The Standard unmistakably alludes to a sensible domain with the base chance of contaminations for the patients, specialist organizations just as the guests. So as to accomplish this ideal degree of results, the pertinent association needs to satisfy the accompanying models (www.health.govt.nz, 2016): Plainly characterized obligations for contamination control and responsibility for disease control issues prompting the hierarchic administration including the senior power and the overseeing body. Unequivocally characterized revealing lines and frequencies inside the association incorporating the methods to speedily inform with respect to the disease control related issues. Yearly audit of the appropriately characterized and very much archived disease avoidance program in the association. Act of spontaneity of the disease control program in coordinated effort and correspondence with the prime partners through legitimate hazard appraisal strategy, data acquired through powerful oversight and observation, patterns and appropriate administration methodologies exposed to endorsement from the capable position. In the event of deficiency of help from the concerned association, clear directions identified with the accessibility of the important exhortation and backing concerning contamination control and anticipation, battling flare-up of irresistible illnesses and microbiological pathogenicities. Contingent on the size and working methodology of the association, enlistment of a disease control group or staff or board of trustees responsible to the higher administration authority and considered dependable to screen the advancement of the contamination control program. Obvious characterized obligations and undertakings of the connected with disease control group or work force or board of trustees. For cases requiring critical alterations identified with enlistment of staff and arrangement of items, types of gear, offices, practices and execution of novel administrations, carefully characterized methodology for early discussion and input from the concerned group or work force are basic. Patients, specialist organizations and guests presented to or helpless to infectious sicknesses are to be kept from additionally spread of those irresistible maladies. Necessity and Relevance of Standard 3.1 inside 500 bed Hospital setting Inside the set up of 500 beds clinic foundation, upkeep of a suitable climate mollifying the danger of spreading and contracting disease is basic to protect the wellbeing and prosperity of the patients, parental figures and the guests and cultivate improved and refreshed human services office. In this specific circumstance, the capable authority involving the administration level organization for the smooth running of the medical clinic is essential to direct and support reasonable disease control program by methods for connecting altogether prepared work force or contamination control group or in like manner board of trustees qualified for effectively bring out the proposed program through steady input and correspondence from all finishes. Normal management and assessment executed through appropriate hazard appraisal convention, yearly survey of the attempted program and recognizable proof of the central partners structure the premise of such disease control programs. A 500 bed clin ic setting represents a significant bunch of ailing patients experiencing treatment of shifted nature and interventional modes and hence harbors the danger of contracting nosocomial diseases of a few sorts, for example, circulation system contamination (BSI), urinary tract disease (UTI), ventilator related pneumonia (VAP) and careful site contamination (SSI). In this way improvement of a reasonable contamination avoidance and control program by the emergency clinic expert in consistence with the set up Standard 3.1 is important to handle the circumstance and fall the power of any conceivable contractible ailment at its beginning or episode. Job of Infection Control Preventionist in Infection Control Program In the Australian and New Zealand setting, the jobs and obligations of the disease control preventionist has been revised substantiating with the current approaches and rules to effectively execute and actualize a few national techniques for contamination battling. Study appropriate to this workforce thinks about the instructive validity, experience levels and extent of training among the quintessential ascribes to complete their relegated employments adequately (Hall et al., 2015). Further late research if there should be an occurrence of the New Zealand residence propose the intensity of the dynamic, planned and nonstop emergency clinic based serious intense respiratory disease (SARI) observation completely operational to alleviate the wellbeing concerns identified with rising flu An infection contaminations and regular flu pandemic (Huang et al., 2014). Additionally, in such manner endeavors made by the World Heart Federation (WHF) to complete a consistent change from the position explanation to a useful arrangement based on an establishment laid upon thorough research, science and quantifiable improvement pointers to manage the patients experiencing rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic coronary illness (RHD) might be referenced (Remenyi et al., 2013). Anyway appreciating the errands and obligations assigned to be performed by the disease control preventionist and experts, the accompanying employments have been distinguished to be of prime significance (Henman et al., 2015). A collaboration arranged methodology is for the most part followed for control and anticipation of contamination by the disease control preventionist that incorporates contamination counteraction and control specialist, disease avoidance and control nurture related to sufficient managerial and data and correspondence innovation (ICT) support through after of appropriate proof based gadget related disease counteraction practice (Parriott et al., 2015). Scattering and Implementation The strategy embraced to diminish the danger of procurement of disease among the defenseless populace of patients, medicinal services laborers and anybody in contact with the social insurance setting should be placed into adequacy through observation by methods for recognizing, checking and recording the contamination in its various stages. In this issue, the capabilities of the contamination preventionist and attendants have been distinguished as pivotal in playing out their jobs deftly and actualizing systems to manage the circumstance (Gase et al., 2015). Checking Compliance and adequacy of the embraced procedures Congruency as far as jobs and obligations performed by the contamination control experts request visit and exhaustive oversight by the concerned specialists of the pertinent association to evaluate the plausibility of the anticipated administration systems for disease control along these lines guaranteeing further changes and modifications as and when material. Quality and wellbeing of the embraced measures would thus be able to be shielded and opportune answering to the higher specialists of the concerned hierarchical system will guarantee auspicious and most fitting activity plan intercession for disease control (Huffaker, 2012). Refreshing and Review With regards to the changing patterns in the human services practice, the method of data stockpiling and recovery to report the clinical records have all the while experienced a widespread adjustment. Telemedicine and utilization of electronic calculation have picked up noticeable quality in the cutting edge time to refresh the information acquired from different case circumstances in an occasional way. At any rate yearly survey of the activity plan formulated as per the information secured from a specific human services setting has been recommended as basic to streamline social insurance office and draw out the most ideal results. Instruction and mindfulness bestow information and preparing to the disease control experts to better the administration offered by them (Leone et al., 2015). Correspondence and Diversity The legitimate commitment to ensure against segregation to encourage the focal topic of equivalent open doors for everything is engendered through the disease control preventionist jobs by methods for uniformity and assorted variety. The accentuation is laid on the electronic clinical records to upgrade the viability of the contamination observation system to guarantee precise documentation and ensuing activities to alleviate the infectious diseases of fluctuated types in a legitimate manner (Shepard et al., 2014). Contamination Control Program Evaluation The contamination control program might be assessed completely in two unmistakable habits including the inner assessment and outside assessment. The grasping of the interior assessment to evaluate the believability and productivity of a proposed arrangement embraced to handle the disease related risks considers the surveys and information recovered

From Cambridge to You

From Cambridge to You Beginning on Wednesday, the Admissions Staff will go out across North America to meet with prospective applicants and parents in more than 70 cities. Its going to be exciting! It all starts this Wednesday with two meetings in New England: Jenny Rifken will be traveling to Portland, Maine, and Ill be off to Hartford, Connecticut. You can view the entire schedule and RSVP online. Following the Hartford meeting, Ill be heading out to the Bay Area, followed by a trip to the Rocky Mountains and finally the Great Plains. Heres my entire meeting schedule for the fall: Hartford, CTWednesday, September 6, 2006 at 7:00 p.m.Greater Hartford Academy of Math Science Sacramento, CASaturday, September 9, 2006 at 3:00 p.m.Mira Loma High School Cafeteria San Jose, CASunday, September 10, 2006 at 7:00 p.m.Double Tree Hotel San Jose San Francisco, CATuesday, September 12, 2006 at 7:30 p.m.Holiday Inn Golden Gateway Lafayette, CAWednesday, September 13, 2006 at 7:30 p.m.Acalanes High School Salt Lake City, UTTuesday, September 26, 2006 at 7:00 p.m.Bryant Intermediate School Denver, COWednesday, September 27, 2006 at 7:00 p.m.Embassy Suites Hotel Denver-Aurora Albuquerque, NMSaturday, September 30, 2006 at 2:00 p.m.Indian Pueblo Cultural Center Lincoln, NEThursday, October 12, 2006 at 7:00 p.m.The Cornhusker Hotel Kansas City, MOSunday, October 15, 2006 at 3:00 p.m.Kansas City Marriott Country Club Plaza If youre in one of these areas, I look forward to seeing you! And for the rest of you, say hello to my colleague who comes to your area. You might be wondering, what happens at these meetings? What should you expect? First, the admissions officer and the local Educational Counselors (MIT alumni interviewers, also known as ECs) will greet attendees at the door. If youve RSVPed (please do!), youll be able to check your name and go in; if you havent, well ask you to sign in. Well have some special publications and materials you can pick up as well. The meeting itself will last no longer than 90 minutes. Each admissions officers presentation varies somewhat, but will cover the same information. Well talk about MIT: academics, research, student life, Boston/Cambridge, MIT culture. What makes MIT different from other universities? How might you know whether or not MIT is a good match for you? We will of course talk about admissions, including the different application components, the deadlines, what makes an applicant competitive, how we make decisions on which students to admit. Well provide advice and tips wherever we can. Money and financial aid will be discussed. How do you apply for financial aid? Should you apply for it? What should I expect? Also, the local ECs will introduce themselves. Theyll talk about what MIT looks for in an interview and give you some advice. This is also a good chance for students to meet their interviewer face-to-face and to set up a time for their interview. We will always finish with an open QA. Well take as many questions as we can and do our best to answer every question fully. Ive found that even students and families who dont have any questions find it interesting and helpful to hear other peoples questions and the corresponding answer. Getting out on the road to meet you is one of our favorite times of the year. We look forward to seeing you!

Agency Relationship Within Business Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Question 1 Agency-Relationship is a relationship in which one person has legal authority to act on behalf of another. Agent has a legal and ethical responsibility to make decision that furthers the interests of the shareholders. When the interests of the agents and shareholders conflicts each other, an agency problem will be appeared. There are several examples of companies which had serious Agency-Relationship problems and resulted their Chief Executive Officers sent to jail. For the first example, a former chairman and a executive director of publicly listed Field Group Holdings Limited, charged by Hong Kongs Independent Commission Against Corruption, have been convicted at the District Court of conspiracy to defraud shareholders of the company and the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong (SEHK) in relation to a fake joint venture in a gas pipeline project in Chongqing, Mainland China and of money laundering in relation to the proceeds. To complete the fraudulent scam, the CEOs further caused the SEHK and the shareholders of Field Group Holdings Limited to approve the issue and allotment of the shares to the shareholders. They were found guilty of two counts of conspiracy to defraud. To prevent this kind of agency-relationship problem, first, is to encourage employees to identify the risk and notify to the ma nager. The management should develop and implement control over these kinds of circumstances. For the second example, a former research executive at a biotech company has pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to defraud shareholders that she and others caused the biotech company to issue false claims about a test to detect Down syndrome. The crime carries a maximum sentence of 25 years in prison along with fines potentially reaching hundreds of thousands of dollars. The problem in this case is Elizabeth Dragon who knew the truth about the test, but she told the public it was a near-perfect success. She misled investors with overstated information about a significant new product that never to be made. Investors interest was harmed as they were believed in those fault information. As a result, the company image was damaged as well. Public will lost their faith in the company. To prevent this kind of agency-relationship problem, the management should implement a set of mon itoring employee to handle research and development test data and result. Limit few employees can be accessed to the important data base. For the third example, a toy holdings company and its CEO had announced that it had purchased majority share interest in a manufacturing company. The Purchase price was to be large amount in stock and cash. The facts was the CEO and the toy holdings company has only paid half of the cash amount to the exiting majority shareholder of which the CEO had to burrow the funds from an investor. The CEO had expressed to the exiting shareholder that he needed to have control of the entity before he could secure the rest of the funds needed to complete the transaction. No other monies have ever been paid. The CEO finally has pleaded guilty of defrauding shareholders. The Company has lost all credibility due to unpaid invoices with wholesalers. The interest of the shareholders was not secured. To prevent this kind of agency-relationship problem, the management should reconcile bank statement within a month of receipt in order to detect any irregularities. Periodic reviews of contracts, financial documents, and accounting policies should be keeping checking so as to detect any irregularities. Some control plan can be set by the management for detecting and preventing fraudulent activities in the company. The management should be monitored the control plan regularly to ensure the control plans are effective and working. Question 2 Assuming our company ABC has the initial investment and cash flow as below table. We are going to demonstrate the estimate cash flows for the first 5 years by several investment appraisal methods for Project A. Estimate Cash flowÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Year Project A 0 -100000 1 60000 2 40000 3 30000 4 30000 Assume the initial investment amount is $10,000. Estimate cash flow is as the table shows. Net Present Value (NPV) Suppose the desired interest rate of return is 10% per annum. Year Discount factor Cash flow PV 0 1 -100000 -100000 1 0.909 60000 54540 2 0.826 40000 33040 3 0.751 30000 22530 4 0.683 10000 6830 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ NPV 16940 The NPV is $16,940 which is positive. The returning on the investment is over the interest rate 10 per annum. The investment project should be taken. Advantage NPV can provide us absolute value when considering taking the project or not. It considers the time value of money that irrespective of the exact time at which the cash flow is made. Disadvantage NPV cannot apply on intangible benefits. The size of the investment has not been measured. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The NPV at 10% is $16,940. If now the rate of return is 20%, the NPV will be $-70. Year Discount factor Cash flow PV 0 1 -100000 -100000 1 0.833 60000 49980 2 0.694 40000 27760 3 0.579 30000 17370 4 0.482 10000 4820 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ NPV -70 The estimated IRR is 19.96%. (Formula: 10+(16940)x(20-10)/(16940+70)=19.96%) If we need 12% return on the investment, the project should be taken. Advantage it is a simple way to communicate the value of the investment to people who doesnt know the estimation details. Disadvantage Unrealistic rates of return are given. For the above case, the investment is financially attractive and should be taken immediately. But in the real world, IRR of 19.96% implies there is an opportunity to reinvest future cash flows at 19.96%, rather than an actual return of 19.96%. IRR approach cannot be applied on mutually exclusive projects. The Payback Period Year Project A Cumulative Cash Flow 0 -100000 0 1 60000 60000 2 40000 100000 3 30000 130000 4 10000 140000 The payback period is 2 years. The investment project is acceptable. Advantages It is easy to calculate and simple to use. Profitable opportunities for long-term investment will not be overlooked as they involve a shorter wait for revenues to flow. Disadvantage Time value of money and inflation are not considered. It only concerns the liquidity of the cash flow, not the effect on business profitability. It ignores cash flows beyond the cutoff date. It biased against long-term projects, such as research and development. The Profitability Index (PI) According to the above calculation, we are using the figures to calculate the PI as shown in the table below. Initial investment $100,000 NPV 16940 PV $116,940 The profitability index is 1.1694. (Formula: (116940/100000)) Since the PI greater than 1.0, which means this project has positive NPV, the project should be taken. Advantage It is easy to understand and communicate. It considers all cash flows of the investment and the time value of money. Disadvantage It only can be used for divisible projects. It ignores the size of the investment.